![]() ![]() In human beings, it was observed that male factor alone is responsible for ~26% of infertility cases ( 5) and contributory in another 30–40% of infertile couples ( 6). Male infertility refers to a male's inability to achieve pregnancy in a fertile female. The significance of male fertility is highly amplified in farm animals since semen from a male is used for artificial insemination in several thousand females, and use of semen from infertile bulls affects conception, leading to considerable losses for farmers. In crossbred bulls, it was reported that the “acceptable quality semen producing ability” decreased, over a period, from grandsire through sire to male progeny ( 4). Intrinsically, both male and female contribute to infertility, but male factor infertility accounts for 40–50% of infertility ( 3). ( 2) reported that, over the past 30 to 50 years, the first-service-pregnancy-rate in dairy cattle dropped from 70 to 40%. ![]() Although such large-scale studies are very limited in farm animals, existing information indicates that subfertility is rising in livestock, which can have adverse effects on animal welfare and farm economy by delayed calving intervals and increased culling of animals. In spite of several advancements in diagnostic techniques and infertility treatments, the levels of infertility in the human population were similar in 19, with only a slight overall decrease in primary infertility (0.1%) and a modest overall increase in secondary infertility (0.4%) ( 1). Infertility has been a concern throughout the ages and is still a significant problem in several species, including human beings, and farm animals. Furthermore, the causes and consequences of sperm DNA damage are described, together with a review of advances in methods for detection of sperm DNA damage, and the prognostic value of sperm DNA quality on male fertility. In this review, the earlier findings on sperm DNA integrity in relation to male fertility are compiled and analyzed. Although sperm DNA integrity testing measures a significant biological parameter, its precise role in the infertility evaluation in farm animals remains unclear. ![]() In the era of assisted reproduction, especially when in-vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer or intracytoplasmic sperm injection is used, assessment of sperm DNA integrity is important because spermatozoa are not subjected to the selection process occurring naturally in the female reproductive tract. Understanding the complex packaging of mammalian sperm chromatin and assessment of DNA integrity could potentially provide a benchmark in clinical infertility. There is evidence to indicate that mammalian fertilization and subsequent embryo development depend, in part, on the inherent integrity of the sperm DNA. However, the results of conventional semen analysis do not always correlate with field fertility outcomes. The accurate prediction of male fertility is of major economic importance in the animal breeding industry.
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